Entrepreneurship Lesson

What is Entrepreneurship?: An entrepreneur is an individual who owns a firm, business, or venture, and is responsible for its development. Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting a new business or reviving an existing business, in order to capitalize on new found opportunities.

Generally, entrepreneurship is a tough proposition as a good number of the new businesses fail to take off. Entrepreneurial activities differ based on the type of business they are involved in. It is also true that entrepreneurial ventures create a number of new job opportunities. A large number of entrepreneurial projects look for venture capital or angel funding for their startup firms in order to finance their capital requirements. Besides, government agencies and some NGOs also finance entrepreneurial ventures.

Entrepreneurship is often associated with uncertainty, particularly when it involves creating something new for which there is no existing market. Even if there is a market, it may not translate into a huge business opportunity for the entrepreneur. A major aspect in entrepreneurship is that entrepreneurs embrace opportunities irrespective of the resources they have access to.

Entrepreneurship involves being resourceful and finding ways to obtain the resources required to achieve the set objectives. Capital is one such resource. Entrepreneurs need to think out-of-the-box to improve their chances of obtaining what they need to succeed. According to management experts, vast majority of entrepreneurs desire to be in control of their own life and they can’t find this beyond entrepreneurship. Studies have demonstrated that people derive great satisfaction from their entrepreneurial work.

A number of entrepreneurs are of the opinion that managing their own business offers far greater security than being an employee elsewhere. They feel entrepreneurship enables them to acquire wealth quickly and cushion themselves against financial insecurity. Additionally, an entrepreneur’s future is not at peril owing to the faulty decisions of a finicky employer. So, while some people feel that being employed is less risky, entrepreneurs feel that they are better off starting a business of their own.

Today, there is the increasing awareness about entrepreneurship. People aren’t confining themselves to one business. They are following one business with another. Such entrepreneurs are referred to as “serial entrepreneurs.” Sometimes these entrepreneurs become angel investors and invest their money in startup companies. As a person gains greater insight into business and entrepreneurship, his chances of succeeding in business improve.

Examples of Borrowed Words in American Vocabulary (phonology)

German	Italian	Scandinavian	African	Jewish
Noodle Delicatessen Pretzel Bum Hamburger	Spaghetti Pizza Oregano	Ski Smorgasbord Sauna Ombudsman	Gumbo Goober Juke ( box ) Jazz Banjo Samba	Kosher Guy Blintz Shalom Oy

Certainly, other immigrant groups have contributed to American English well, although often within a limited area. For example, Japanese and Chinese influence on American English has largely been confined to Hawaii, where numerous indigenous Hawaiian words also are in common use ( manka. “ seaward “, pan, “ finished “ : and, of course, aloha ).

As American English developed, it did not develop uniformly throughout the country. Instead, as the colonists from different parts of England settled in various parts of the new country, they continued to speak their separate British dialects. In America today, these dialects are characterized most obviously by differences in pronunciation and vocabulary.

Although American English has been relatively independent from British English since the seventeenth century, the two have remained similar. The difference between the new England dialect and British speech today probably is no greater than that between the New England and the southern dialect in America. This similarity results from many factors. First, as a result of the printing press and the attendant spread of education. The rate of change in languages generally has slowed. Second, the availability of grammars and dictionaries in a permanent form for perhaps just the availability of all prose in a permanent form has provided more durable models for language than ever before. American education has traditionally stressed the study of British literary works. Thus, British English has had a continuing ( although incalculable ) effect on the American people.

Nevertheless, certain differences exist. A Briton is immediately  identifiable in America by his accent and an American is equally distinctive in England. In other words, regular differences in pronunciation can be described. Certain differences exist in vocabulary as well, although almost entirely for things associated with twentieth century inventions     

Discourse Analysis (UTS)

Program Studi           :           PEND. BAHASA INGGRIS

Mata kuliah               :           Discourse Analysis

Smt/ kelas                   :           7

Sifat Ujian                  :           Open Book

Waktu                         :           90 Menit        

Dosen                          :           Kelik Wachyudi, S.S., M.Hum

Answer Questions Carefully.

1.         Distinguish briefly about discourse analysis from formalism and functionalism.

2.         Explicate about speech act theory from Austin and Searle with the aid of examples.

3.         Analysis of the conversation below:

A.           (Gumperz’s theory)

   TEACHER                 :           James, what does this word say?

JAMES                       :           I don’t know.

TEACHER                 :           Well, if you don’t wan’t to try someone else will, Freddy?

FREDDY                    :           Is that a “p” or a “b”

TEACHER                 :           (encouragingly) it’s a ‘p”

Freddy                                    :          Pen

B.        (Gofman’s theory)

Henry                             :           Want a piece of candy?

Irene                              :           No

Henry                 (a)        :           Oh, Come on

                                    (b)        :           there is nothing wrong with it!

                                    c)                     :           Suit yourself

                                    (d)                   ;           just testing you know! Know you’re in diet.

                                    (e)                    :           what?

                                    (f)                    :           I didn’t hear you

                                    (g)                    :           what time did the teachers leave?

(h)                    :           Y’know I bought this candy at that new place in the mall and when I was     there/continues.

4.         Explicate the grid of SPEAKING from Dell Hymes.

5.         Explicate in your own words the concept of face from Grice with the aid of examples.

#Good Luck#

Defining the ethnography of communication

“Communication” in antropologhy and linguistics 

The ethnography of comunications builds a single integrated framework language communication has a central rule in both antropologycal and linguistic studies. Linguistic and antropologhy are diciplines whose data, problems, methods, and theories are often seen as clearly distinct from one another. Since language is the central means by which people communicate with one another in everyday life, understanding communication is an important goal for linguists. The understanding of communication is also important for antropologhists : the way we communicate is part of our cultural repertoire for making sense of – and inteacting with – the world.  Antropologhists often ignore language as cultural behavior and/or knowledge, neglecting the way that language is a system of use whose rules norms are as integral a part of culture as any other system of knowledge and behavior. Thus, the status of linguistic communication as a grammatical system that is used for communication and that is part of culture – and a framework for analyzing it as such – was surprisingly neglected prior to Hymmes’ work. We noted above that antropologists often pay little attention to language cultural behavior and/or knowledge. Note that it has asssumed here that “behavior” and “knowledge” are both “part of” culture. Culture thus comprises a general “world view” : a set of assumptions and believes that orient and organize the way people think, feel, and act.

 

Methodology : an etic grid for ethnography

The methodology is based on distinction between ‘emic’ and ‘etic. Linguists studying the sound system of an unfamiliar language try to discover phonemic patterns with the help of a phonetic classification. The classificatory grid that Hymes (1972b) proposed is known as SPEAKING grid: each letter is an obbreviation for a different possible component of communication. The SPEAKING grid can be used to discover a local taxonomy of communicative ‘units’ that are ‘in some recognizable way bounded of integral’ (Hymes 1972b: 56). The largestsuch unit is the speech situation: the social occasion in which speech may occur. The smallest unit is the speech act: although Hymes (1972b) does nit explicity define this, his example include act that can be defined through their illocutionary force, as well as those that cannot be do defined.